SSB HISTOLOGY Nervous, Skeletal & Muscle Tissues; also Skin, Eye, Ear
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
NOTE: The following questions are designed for introductory drill. They do not necessarily represent the quality of questions which will appear on the Unit evaluation.
Set I a. Questions 1-36, Nerve cells, multiple choice.
Set I b. Questions 37-81, Nerve cells, true or false.
Set I c. Questions 82-111, Nervous tissue (includes CNS, glia, choroid plexus, and meninges).
[reference: neuron.htm]Set II. Questions 1-29, Skin.
[reference: ../intro/skin.htm]Set III. Questions 1-19, Muscle.
[reference: muscle.htm]Set IV. Questions 1-31, Skeletal tissues (bone and cartilage).
[reference: skeleton.htm]Set V. Questions 1-32 Eye
[reference: eye.htm]Set VI. Questions 1-25, Ear.
[reference: ear.htm]Mp3 files, with questions and answers read aloud, were recorded in 2009 by M. Campbell (SIUC Anthropology student) for some question sets:
nerve cells (multiple choice), nerve cells (true-false), nervous tissue, eye, ear.
QUESTION SET Ia. Nerve cells. Multiple choice. [reference: neuron.htm]
Point to an answer. Green color and bold indicates "CORRECT." Red color and italics indicates "Wrong answer." (NOTE: In cases where all of the responses are correct, only "all of the above" will be indicated as correct.)
[An mp3 file of this question set has been recorded by SIUC Anthropology student M. Campbell.]
- Another name for nerve cell is:
- The portion of a nerve cell which contains the nucleus and most of the metabolic machinery is called the:
- The terms "soma" and "perikaryon" refer to the:
- A site of communication between neurons is called a:
- The principal region of the neuron for receiving information is the:
- Information is carried away from the neuron cell body by the:
- A resting membrane potential based on high internal K+ concentration, high external Na+ concentration, and differential permeability to these ions, occurs:
- The element of a synapse which contains neurotransmitter prior to release is called the:
- The element of a synapse which contains neurotransmitter receptors is called the:
- The element of a synapse which contains binding sites for synaptic vesicles is called the:
- The element of a synapse across which neurotransmitter diffuses during synaptic transmission is called the:
- The distance which neurotransmitter must diffuse to cross a synaptic cleft is approximately:
- Synaptic vesicles are most commonly located:
- The normal site for initiation of a neuronal action potential is the:
- The common term "nerve fibers" refers to:
- Movement of materials between nerve cell bodies and distant axon sites is called:
- Structures extending the length of the axon which provide the substrate for axoplasmic transport are the:
- Nissl bodies consist of:
- Within a typical neuron, mitochondria may occur within:
- A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system is called a:
- A bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a:
- Peripheral axons are ensheathed by a cell type called the:
- Schwann cell membrane wrapped many times around an individual axon is called:
- The presence of myelin decreases the:
- The gap between two adjacent myelin segments along an axon is called the:
- Which of the following ranges encompasses the length of a typical myelin segment (internode), between two nodes of Ranvier?
- Which of the following ranges encompasses the diameter of most myelinated axons?
- Peripheral axons which are enveloped by Schwann cell cytoplasm but are not wrapped by several layers of membrane are called:
- A group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system is called a:
- Small cells closely associated with neurons in peripheral ganglia may be called:
- Cell bodies of the peripheral receptor neurons associated with spinal sensory nerve roots are located:
- Cell bodies of motor neurons associated with spinal motor nerve roots may be located:
- Dorsal root ganglia contain:
- White matter appears white because of:
- Fresh, living gray matter is colored:
- In sectioned and stained specimens of nervous tissue, what could the color of white matter be?
QUESTION SET I b. Nerve cells. TRUE or FALSE. [reference: neuron.htm]
These are not subtle or tricky statements; each statement either is boldly false or else, within the limits of any brief statement, is true. Parenthetical comments and phrases set off by commas are intended only to clarify or illuminate, not to mislead. Try to revise any false statement so that it will become a CORRECT statement about the same subject.
Point to an answer. Green color indicates the CORRECT choice. Red color indicates the incorrect choice.
[An mp3 file of this question set has been recorded by SIUC Anthropology student M. Campbell.]
- Action potentials travel only along myelinated axons; unmyelinated axons do not support action potentials.
- Action potentials travel fastest along unmyelinated axons.
- True.
- False. Myelin increases conduction rate. (Myelin allows efficient intraxonal current flow [i.e., without loss to membrane capacitance] between discrete, widely separated sites of action potential regeration [the nodes of Ranvier, where voltage-gated sodium channels allow current flow across the axonal membrane].)
- Action potentials normally travel from the axon terminal toward the cell body.
- Unmyelinated axons conduct more slowly than myelinated axons.
- Efferent axons from alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscles fibers and afferent axons from muscle spindle receptors are among the largest myelinated axons in peripheral nerves.
- Unmyelinated axons generally have a smaller diameter than myelinated axons.
- Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles are usually served by myelinated axons.
- Axons from receptors for slow, burning pain are typically small and unmyelinated.
- Myelinated axons do not usually enter gray matter.
- Dendrites receive synapses from the axon terminals of other neurons; receptor molecules for neurotransmitters are found on the surface of dendritic membranes.
- Dendrites are found in gray matter.
- Graded postsynaptic potentials occur along dendrites when membrane permeability is altered by neurotransmitter release.
- Among the features which distinguish axons from cell bodies and dendrites is the absence of ribosomes from axons and axon terminals.
- For long-axon neurons (those whose axons leave the gray matter location where the cell body resides), the volume of axoplasm will usually exceed the volume of cytoplasm in the cell body.
- Neurons with large rather than small cell bodies usually give rise to relatively long rather than local axons.
- White matter in the central nervous system consists of axon tracts with abundant myelin, where neuron cell bodies and dendrites are scarce or absent.
- A single Schwann cell forms myelin around one and only one axon, while a single oligodendroglial cell forms myelin around several separate axons.
- Myelinated axons found in white matter usually begin in gray matter and terminate in gray matter.
- During an action potential, internal Na+ concentration rises until it exceeds the external Na+ concentration.
- During an inhibitory synaptic potential (IPSP), external K+ concentration rises until it exceeds the internal K+ concentration.
- The sodium pump is inactivated during membrane potential changes.
- Increasing permeability to K+ (increasing K+ conductance) normally depolarizes the cell membrane.
- Increasing permeability to Na+ (increasing Na+ conductance) normally depolarizes the cell membrane.
- Rapid axoplasmic transport involves movement along microtubules as the primary mechanism, with ATP from mitochondria supplying the energy.
- After damage to a mixed peripheral nerve, motor axons initially degenerate distal to the site of injury.
- After damage to a mixed peripheral nerve, sensory axons initially degenerate proximal to the site of injury.
- After damage to a mixed peripheral nerve, Schwann cell bodies remain alive, aligned within the nerve.
- After damage to a mixed peripheral nerve, the time before normal function may be restored depends on the length of axon distal to injury.
- Neuron cell bodies respond to axonal injury with observable changes called chromatolysis.
- Motor axons cannot regenerate after peripheral nerve injury.
- After peripheral nerve injury, both motor and sensory axons can regenerate to reinnervate their targets provided that the segment proximal to the site of injury is aligned with the (degenerated) distal route.
- Damaged axons in the central nervous system usually do not regenerate to reestablish normal contacts.
- The longest axons may be over a meter in length.
- The thickest axons may be over 50 µm in diameter.
- Epineurium and perineurium are names for the connective tissue which ensheaths peripheral nerves and axon bundles within nerves.
- Endoneurium is the name for the delicate collagen framework which supports axons within a peripheral nerve.
- The many nuclei which may be found within peripheral nerves belong to Schwann cells and fibroblasts.
- Some of the nuclei found within peripheral nerves belong to cell bodies of first order sensory neurons.
- Myelin is an extracellular, secretory product of Schwann cells.
- The composition of myelin is primarily lipid with some protein, similar to other cell membranes.
- Nodes of Ranvier are sites where myelin is absent along an axon, between adjacent Schwann cells.
- In a neuroanatomical section stained with Weigert's myelin stain, myelin appears black or deep purple.
- Nodes of Ranvier are sites where action potentials are regenerated during saltatory conduction.
- The cell bodies for peripheral sensory receptors (e.g., touch receptors, muscle spindles) are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
- The cell bodies for motor neurons innervating segmental musculature are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
QUESTION SET Ic. Nervous tissue (includes CNS, glia, choroid plexus, and meninges). Multiple choice.
[reference: neuron.htm]Point to an answer. Green color and bold indicates "CORRECT." Red color and italics indicates "Wrong answer." (NOTE: In cases where all of the responses are correct, only "all of the above" will be indicated as correct.)
[An mp3 file of this question set has been recorded by SIUC Anthropology student M. Campbell.]
- A typical peripheral mixed nerve includes all of the following EXCEPT:
- In electron micrographs of central nervous tissue, small (40-60 nm) vesicles clustered intracellularly near thickened neuronal membranes indicate:
- Which of the following glial cell types is believed to be functionally related to macrophages?
- Which of the following cell types forms myelin in the central nervous system?
- Which of the following cell types forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
- Dura mater consists of:
- The arachnoid layer of the meninges consists of:
- Pia mater consists of:
- The outermost layer of the brain, immediately beneath the pia mater, consists of:
- Which of the following cell types helps regulate the interstitial environment of central nervous tissue, serving as a buffer between nerve cells and capillaries?
- Which structure is principally responsible for the blood-brain barrier?
- Which the of the following cell types lines the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricular system of the brain?
- Choroid plexus consists of:
- Choroid plexus is NOT found:
- Compared to blood, normal cerebrospinal fluid contains:
- Cerebrospinal fluid is actively secreted by ependymal cells of the:
- Cerebrospinal fluid drains away from the subarachnoid space through connective tissue channels called:
- Arachnoid granulations perforate the:
- An imbalance between production and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid can cause:
- Pyramidal cells (neurons whose cell bodies have a characteristic, pyramidal shape) are characteristic of the:
- Purkinje cells (neurons with large cell bodies and densely-branched, flattened dendritic trees) are characteristic of the:
- In the cerebellar cortex, which layer contains Purkinje cell bodies?
- In the cerebellar cortex, which layer contains granule cell bodies?
- In the cerebellar cortex, which layer contains most of the length of the Purkinje cell dendrites?
- In the cerebellar cortex, which layer contains most of the length of granule cell axons?
- The largest cell bodies in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord belong:
- What region of the nervous system is described by the following?
Generally described as having six layers, the principal efferent axons of this region arise from cells located located in layer 5. These large neurons are characterized by a distinctive apical dendrite that extends across layers 1 through 4, as well as by several basal dendrites in layers 5 and 6. Specific input arrives along axons which ramify extensively in layer 4. Many other neuronal cell types, whose cell bodies come in a variety of shapes and whose axons make local synaptic connections, characterize layers 2, 3, and 6.
- What region of the nervous system is described by the following?
This region displays a conspicuously layered appearance consisting of a relatively thick outer "molecular" layer in which neuronal cell bodies are extremely uncommon, an inner layer densely packed with very small cell bodies, and a thin intervening layer consisting of the large cell bodies of the cells that give rise to the region's principal efferent axons.
- What region of the nervous system is described by the following?
Three distinct layers of cell bodies, called the "outer nuclear layer", the "inner nuclear layer", and the "ganglion cell layer" are separated by layers in which local synaptic contacts occur. Efferent axons from cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer project to synaptic contacts in the lateral geniculate body and the tectum.
- What region of the nervous system is described by the following?
The principal efferent neurons of this region receive excitatory input from two sources: Afferent "climbing fiber" axons, from neurons in the inferior olive, each synapse directly onto several of the principal cells. Transmitter release at each such synapse exerts a powerful excitatory effect on activity of the postsynaptic neuron. In contrast, vast numbers of afferent "mossy fibers" axons, from a variety of distant sources, provide indirect input via synapses onto the dendrites of local interneurons. "Parallel fiber" axons from these small interneurons then converge (with a convergence ratio on the order of 105 or 106 to one), onto the principal efferent cells, with each such synapse exerting only a very small excitatory effect so that many postsynaptic potentials must summate spatially and temporally to influence activity in the principal cells.
QUESTION SET II. Skin. Multiple choice. [reference: https://histology/siu.edu/intro/skin.htm]
Point to an answer. Green color and bold indicates "CORRECT." Red color and italics indicates "Wrong answer." (NOTE: In cases where all of the responses are correct, only "all of the above" will be indicated as correct.)
- The epithelial layer of skin is:
- The fibrous connective tissue layer of skin is:
- The loose, adipose connective tissue layer of skin is:
- Which connective tissue layer lies closest to the epidermis:
- The projections of dermis upward, indenting the bottom of the epidermis, are called:
- Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is located in dermal papillae?
- Which type of encapsulated nerve ending consists of many concentric layers (like an onion) located deep in the dermis or hypodermis?
- Which of the following layers lies nearest the outer surface of the epidermis?
- Which of the following layers lies nearest the dermis?
- The basement membrane lies between:
- In which of the following layers does cell division normally occur?
- In which of the following layers do basophilic granules provide a distinct indication of the formation of a keratinized epithelium?
- The majority of cells comprising the epidermis are called:
- The "prickles" which characterize keratinocytes (or "prickle cells") represent the location of:
- The most common cells in dermis are:
- Which epidermal cell type is part of the immune system, with "antigen presenting" function?
- Which epidermal cell type manufactures dark pigment?
- Most of the melanin in the basal layer of the epidermis is located in which cell type?
- Which epidermal cell type is closely associated with afferent nerve endings?
- Embryonically, which epidermal cell type migrates into surface ectoderm from neural crest (and, perhaps encouraged by this migratory function, this cell type can form the most dangerously metastatic cancers)?
- Which cell type is not normally found in the epidermis?
- Which of the following consists of stratified (two-layered) cuboidal epithelium?
- Which of the following is NOT an "epidermal appendage" (i.e., NOT comprised of epithelial tissue)?
- Which of the following typically includes dead cells with pyknotic nuclei?
- Which of the following includes inconspicuous myoepithelial cells?
- Which layer is exceptionally thick in so-called "thick skin" (i.e., palmar and plantar skin)?
- Which structures are present in "thick skin" (i.e., palmar and plantar skin)?
- Which cell type in the dermis is most closely associated with stimulating an inflammatory response, by secreting histamine and other chemical signals?
- Which cell type normally migrates through dermal (and other) connective tissues (coming in via blood vessels, leaving via lymphatic channels)?
QUESTION SET III. Muscle. Multiple choice. [reference: muscle.htm]
Point to an answer. Green color and bold indicates "CORRECT." Red color and italics indicates "Wrong answer." (NOTE: In cases where all of the responses are correct, only "all of the above" will be indicated as correct.)
- Neuromuscular junctions are located:
- The many nuclei of a skeletal muscle fiber are located:
- A skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by:
- How many skeletal muscle fibers comprise a "motor unit"? (Equivalently: How many skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor axon?)
- Which type of muscle typically has each motor axon innervating the fewest muscle fibers?
- Which type of muscle typically has each motor axon innervating the most muscle fibers?
- Skeletal muscle fibers are best described as:
- Myofibrils are best described as:
- In skeletal muscle fibers, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum are located:
- The electrical signal of an action potential is conveyed into the interior of each muscle fiber by:
- The distance between two Z-lines is equilivalent to the length of the:
- The sense organ most closely associated with stretch reflexes (e.g., knee jerk) is the:
- Z-lines represent attachment sites for:
- The Z-line runs through the middle of the:
- Which structure typically stains dark (anisotropic to polarized light) and occupies a region midway between neighboring Z-lines?
- The encapsulated structure which contains intrafusal muscle fibers, annulospiral nerve endings, and efferent nerve endings is the:
- Which one of the following structures of skeletal muscle is defined by the length of the thick (myosin) filaments?
- About how long is a sarcomere? (In other words, the transverse banding pattern along striated muscle repeats at intervals of about how many micrometers?)
- A muscle biopsy characteristic for Duchenne muscular dystrophy would reveal:
QUESTION SET IV. Skeletal tissues (cartilage and bone). Multiple choice. [reference: skeleton.htm]
Point to an answer. Green color and bold indicates "CORRECT." Red color and italics indicates "Wrong answer." (NOTE: In cases where all of the responses are correct, only "all of the above" will be indicated as correct.)
- The term "connective tissue matrix" refers to:
- In ordinary connective tissue, the predominant component of ground substance is:
- Which connective tissue component is characterized by high tensile strength and flexibility?
- Which type of connective tissue is avascular and further characterized by ground substance in the form of a firm, resilient solid with a high proportion of glycosaminoglycans and with cells isolated in lacunae?
- Which type of connective tissue is highly vascular, with mineralized matrix consisting of collagen fibers embedded in calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite), and with cells located individually in lacunae?
- In ordinary connective tissue, the cells which secrete collagen and elastin are called:
- Cells which secrete the components of cartilage matrix are called:
- Cells which secrete the components of bone matrix are called:
- In bone and cartilage, a small space that contains an individual cell is called a/an:
- Resting cells within cartilage lacunae are called:
- Resting cells within bony lacunae are called:
- In bone, the fine channels which interconnect adjacent lacunae are called:
- In bone, a longitudinal channel containing a blood vessel is called a/an:
- The thin layers of matrix which comprise solid bone are called:
- A Haversian canal together with its encircling lamellae is called a/an:
- Cells which remove bone matrix during remodelling are called:
- Bone formation within a pre-existing cartilage model is called:
- Bone formation without a pre-existing cartilage model is called:
- Bone marrow consists of:
- Which of the following is characterized by several nuclei per cell?
- The activity of osteoclasts is stimulated, increasing blood calcium levels, by secretion from the:
- The activity of osteoclasts is inhibited, decreasing blood calcium levels, by secretion from the:
- Interstitial lamellae represent:
- Elongation of long bones is accomplished by growth at the:
- Which type of cartilage is found in the tracheal rings and articular surface of bones and is the precursor of bone in the developing skeleton?
- Which type of cartilage is found in intervertebral disks and the pubic symphysis?
- In the restructuring of the skeleton, bone remodeling:
- The term most nearly synonynous to "cancellous bone" is:
- The term most nearly synonynous to "dense bone" is:
- The term most nearly opposite to "lamellar bone" is:
- In compact bone, osteocytes which are not adjacent to capillaries receive or exchange nutrients and metabolites by means of:
QUESTION SET V. Eye. Multiple choice. [reference: eye.htm]
Point to an answer. Green color and bold indicates "CORRECT." Red color and italics indicates "Wrong answer." (NOTE: In cases where all of the responses are correct, only "all of the above" will be indicated as correct.)
[An mp3 file of this question set has been recorded by SIUC Anthropology student M. Campbell.]
- The "white" of the eye is primarily:
- The predominant solid component of the transparent cornea is:
- The layer of eye which consists of dense fibrous connective tissue is the:
- Substantia propria is the name for which tissue component of the cornea?
- The layer of eye which is continuous with the substantia propria of the cornea is the:
- In contrast with dermis of skin, the substantia propria of the cornea is notable for the absence of:
- What type of epithelium forms the outer surface of the cornea?
- The layer of cuboidal cells which forms the innermost surface of the cornea is called:
- Which feature of the cornea is most closely related to the fact that surgical transplants of corneal tissue are relatively easy between unrelated individuals?
- The layer of eye which consists of loose connective tissue enriched with melanocytes is the:
- The layer of the eye which continues anteriorly to form the visible portion of the iris is the:
- The iris is composed of several tissue types. Most of the visible portion is:
- The hidden posterior surface of the iris is:
- The ciliary body of the eye is an anterior region of the choroid layer which consists largely of:
- The fluid immediately beneath the cornea (i.e., between the cornea and the lens) is called:
- Aqueous humor is actively secreted by cells of the:
- Aqueous humor drains away from the anterior chamber through connective tissue spaces at the limbus called the:
- An imbalance between production and drainage of aqueous humor can cause:
- The cells which secrete aqueous humor represent an extension of which layer?
- Which of the following components of the eye does NOT include connective tissue as a major component?
- As is evident from its embryological origin, the lens consists of which tissue type?
- Which layer of the retina contains rods and cones? (Layers are listed from outside inward toward the vitreous.)
- Which layer of the retina contains nuclei of photoreceptor cells?
- Which layer of the retina contains nuclei of bipolar cells?
- Which layer of the retina contains synapses between photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells?
- Which layer of the retina contains the blood vessels which serve the neural retina?
- Which layer of the retina is responsible for absorbing stray light and prevents back-reflection?
- Which layer of the retina recycles photoreceptor components?
- Which layer of the retina contains axons which travel through the optic nerve?
- Not counting the photoreceptor layer itself, through how many of the layers listed in the above questions must light travel before it reaches the photoreceptor layer?
- Which of the following retinal layers is closest to the outside (sclera) of the eyeball?
- Which is the first layer of the retina encountered by light that has entered through the pupil?
QUESTION SET VI. Ear. Multiple choice. [reference: ear.htm]
Point to an answer. Green color and bold indicates "CORRECT." Red color and italics indicates "Wrong answer." (NOTE: In cases where all of the responses are correct, only "all of the above" will be indicated as correct.)
[An mp3 file of this question set has been recorded by SIUC Anthropology student M. Campbell.]
- Hair cells of the ear are:
- Hair cells are found in ALL of the following locations EXCEPT:
- The membranous labyrinth comprises ALL of the followine EXCEPT:
- The membranous labyrinth is filled with:
- The fluid environment for hair cells is:
- Endolymph is actively secreted by cells of the:
- The stria vascularis is located in the:
- Which of the following contains endolymph?
- Endolymph can drain away from the membranous labyrinth through a passage called the:
- An imbalance between production and drainage of endolymph may cause:
- Damage to hair cells in the organ of Corti would be expected to have a direct effect on:
- Disturbance of hair cells in the ampulla of a semicircular canal would be expected to have a direct effect on:
- Disturbance of hair cells in a macula of the saccule would be expected to have a direct effect on:
- Disturbance of hair cells in a macula of the utricle would be expected to have a direct effect on:
- Perilymph fills the:
- Which of the following contains perilymph?
- Otoliths are normally found in the:
- A crista with a cupola is a normal feature in the:
- The basalar and tectorial membranes are most closely associated with:
- In the organ of Corti, apical projections of hair cells (cilia and stereocilia) are in intimate contact with:
- Hair cells in the organ of Corti synapse onto nerve fibers whose cell bodies are located in the:
- Reissner's membrane separates the scala media from the:
- The basilar membrane separates the scala media from the:
- The round window separates the middle ear from the:
- The middle ear communicates via the eustachian tube with the:
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